A project of WFN
JUNE 2026
Early warning system · Community power intelligence
Data centers are arriving fastest in the counties that have already lost hospitals, where maternal mortality and child poverty are highest, and where care workers earn poverty wages. This is not coincidence. The same political economy that stripped these communities of vital infrastructure is now extracting their land, water, and power for AI.

Whoever sees it coming first has leverage. Developers know where they're going to build months before communities do. This map is designed to close that gap. The fights that have won, won early.
This tool documents community opposition as a public record. At a time when data center opposition has been characterized by some law enforcement as extremism, that record matters.
A project of Women's Funding Network
If blocking fails — minimum demands
When you can't stop it, make them pay for what they're taking
This tool provides general research and organizing intelligence, not legal advice. Consult an attorney before taking legal action.
Sources & methodology
What this map shows, where the data comes from, and what it doesn't cover
Community resistance & wins
Active fights (red/amber signals)
Compiled from local news reporting, public records, community organization communications, and state legislature databases. Research period: 2024–May 2026.
Not a systematic survey. Gaps reflect research capacity, not absence of organizing. Counties not shown may have active fights we haven't documented.
Community wins & moratoria (green dots)
Local government meeting minutes, ordinance text, news reporting. Each entry verified against at least two sources.
Status current as of May 2026. Moratoria expire; legal challenges may reverse wins. Check county government websites for current status.
Proactive zoning (teal dots)
Planning department records, local news. Includes townships and municipalities that adopted rules before any specific project was proposed.
Proactive zoning varies widely in strength — some ordinances are binding, others advisory. Panel text notes where details are limited.
State legislative action
State legislature bill tracking (LegiScan, individual state sites), advocacy organization reporting, news coverage. 23 states tracked as of May 2026.
Legislative status changes rapidly. Bills listed as "active" may have died or advanced since last update.
Established data centers (black dots)
Data Center Knowledge, CBRE Data Center Trends, company announcements, local news. Capacity figures (MW) sourced from published developer announcements or analyst estimates.
MW figures are approximate. Operational status may have changed. Not a complete census of US data centers — focuses on counties where community organizing is active or likely.
2024 presidential vote
County-level margins
Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections; AP Election Results; state election board certified returns. All 3,142 US counties. Margin = Republican minus Democratic vote share in percentage points (positive = R, negative = D).
Connecticut uses electoral districts, not counties — displayed at approximate district boundaries. Alaska uses borough equivalents.
Maternity care access
Maternity care deserts (county-level)
March of Dimes, Nowhere to Go: Maternity Care Deserts Across the US, Report No. 4, September 2024. Categories: desert (no hospital/birth center offering OB care and no OB clinicians), low access, moderate access, full access.
This map covers only counties already in the resistance dataset (~60 counties), not all 3,142 US counties. Full county data is available directly from March of Dimes PeriStats. Classification is based on 2022 data.
Childcare deserts (county-level)
Center for American Progress, America's Child Care Deserts, 2023. Definition: fewer than one licensed childcare slot per three children under age 5.
Same coverage limitation as maternity care — resistance counties only, not full national coverage.
Maternal mortality rates
State maternal mortality rates
Kaiser Family Foundation analysis of CDC National Center for Health Statistics data, 2018–2022 aggregate (final data). Rates per 100,000 live births. National average: 23.2. Published July 2024. Commonwealth Fund, Maternal and Child Mortality: How Do US States Compare Internationally?, October 2025, used for 2023 provisional data for California and Louisiana.
County-level data does not exist in public form. CDC suppresses county-level maternal mortality data for counties with fewer than 10 deaths (confidentiality) and fewer than 20 deaths (statistical reliability). Most counties have 0–5 maternal deaths per year. State rate applies to all counties shown within that state — a meaningful proxy because state policy (Medicaid, OB licensing, hospital regulation) largely determines outcomes. Data suppressed for 11 states with fewer than 20 deaths total. Racial disparities within states are documented but not mapped — Black maternal mortality nationally is 3–4× white maternal mortality.
Home care worker wages
State median hourly wages — home health & personal care aides
Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024 release. SOC code 31-1120 (Home Health and Personal Care Aides). Reported via credenzahealth.com state-by-state table, which sources directly from BLS OEWS. National median: $17.36/hr ($36,120 annualized at full-time).
State-level medians mask significant within-state variation, particularly urban/rural divides. Does not capture informal care work, which is substantial and disproportionately performed by immigrant women. BLS OEWS excludes self-employed workers. Annual figure assumes 2,080 hours (40hr/week, 52 weeks) — many care workers are part-time or have irregular hours.
Medicaid expansion
State expansion status
Kaiser Family Foundation, Status of State Medicaid Expansion Decisions, March 2026. 40 states + DC have adopted full expansion. 10 states have not. Georgia classified as "partial" — Pathways to Coverage program requires 80 hours/month of qualifying activity; enrollment as of early 2026: ~4,300–11,600 vs. estimated 300,000–450,000 who would qualify under full expansion.
Federal policy is actively threatening expansion: work requirements for expansion states are scheduled to begin January 1, 2027. Oklahoma Republicans have proposed reversal mechanisms. This layer may be significantly outdated by late 2026 or 2027. Wisconsin's BadgerCare+ covers some low-income adults but does not use ACA federal matching funds — classified here as not expanded, per KFF convention.
Environmental justice burden
Frontline community designations (7 counties)
Each EJ designation is sourced individually. Key sources: EPA EJScreen (cumulative burden scores); American Lung Association State of the Air reports; NAACP Environmental & Climate Justice program documentation and Stop Dirty Data campaign; Earthjustice and SELC litigation records; peer-reviewed health burden literature; community organization reports. See individual county panels for specific citations.
This is a documented sample, not a systematic EJ screening. Counties shown have active documented fights with named organizations and federal legal tools. Many additional counties bearing data center-related environmental burdens are not shown. EPA EJScreen and CDC PLACES offer national screening tools for identifying additional communities.
Indigenous / tribal sovereignty sites (6 counties)
Individual sources: Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe (MIT Technology Review, KUNR/Mountain West News Bureau, 2025); Muscogee Nation (Mvskoke Media, Native News Online, ICT News, TIME, 2025–2026); Tonawanda Seneca Nation (ICT News, Honor the Earth, 2026); Pueblo communities / Doña Ana (NM community reporting); Shoshone-Paiute / Box Elder (On Point, Salt Lake Tribune, 2026); Quechan / Fort Yuma (inewsource, 2026).
This map shows 6 of at least 106 documented sites. Honor the Earth's Data Center Tracker documents proposed and operating data centers near or on Native lands nationally. This map shows depth where research is actionable — named tribes, specific water rights instruments, federal legal hooks. It is not a census. See Honor the Earth Data Center Tracker for the broader picture.
ICE immigration detention sites
Confirmed purchases, planned sites, operational facilities
Washington Post (December 2025 leaked planning documents); Associated Press (April 2026 warehouse purchase reporting); NPR / WABE / OPB (March 2026 community impact reporting); Georgia Public Broadcasting (Social Circle and Oakwood coverage, February 2026); El Paso Matters (Camp East Montana and Socorro reporting, 2025–2026); Maryland Attorney General press releases (January–April 2026); Michigan Attorney General press releases (February 2026); American Immigration Council analysis (March 2026); CalMatters (Kern County facilities, April 2026); ICE internal planning memo dated February 13, 2026 (published via Fox News).
This layer requires frequent updating. DHS Secretary Mullin paused new warehouse purchases in April 2026 pending review of contracts signed under Secretary Noem. Some "purchased" sites may face legal delays or cancellation. Some "planned" sites may have been abandoned. Romulus MI and Williamsport MD renovation work is on hold by court order as of May 2026. Merrillville IN warehouse owner stated it is not negotiating with federal officials. Status accurate as of May 2026 — verify current status before using in organizing contexts.
Child poverty
Child poverty rate (under 18)
Census Bureau Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates (SAIPE) program, 2023 estimates. Published December 2024. Metric: percent of children under age 18 below the federal poverty line. National average: 16.3%. Federal poverty line 2023: approximately $30,000 for a family of four.
Shown for approximately 70 counties on this map relevant to the resistance dataset — not full national coverage. Full county data for all 3,142 US counties available at census.gov/programs-surveys/saipe. Racial disparities in child poverty are substantial (Black child poverty ~26%, Native American ~28%) but are not broken out at county level here.
General methodology notes
What this map is
A community power intelligence tool built for resistance organizers, women's fund networks, and place-based organizations working at the intersection of extractive infrastructure, the care economy, and the surveillance state. Updated as new fights emerge and new data becomes available.
This is not a peer-reviewed dataset. It is a synthesis of public data, news reporting, and community organization intelligence. Errors are possible and corrections are welcomed. The selection of what to show reflects a political economy framework: where extractive infrastructure is arriving, care infrastructure is already missing or being stripped away — and the technology built from that extraction is being turned on the same communities. That framing is intentional, not neutral.
Author
Sara Keilholtz, Senior Director of Data and Strategic Insights, Women's Funding Network. Built June 2026 as part of WFN's work at the intersection of feminist philanthropy, care economy, and community power. Built with Claude (Anthropic) as a coding and research assistant. AI ambivalent — a useful tool doesn't outweigh extraction, displacement, and disruption. This project holds the contradictions openly.
Data last updated
Resistance data, legislative status, and detention sites: June 2026. Care infrastructure layers: 2024 (March of Dimes), 2024 (BLS OEWS), 2018–2022 (CDC/KFF MMR), March 2026 (KFF Medicaid). 2024 presidential vote: certified results, November 2024.
Care infrastructure data updates on varying cycles. BLS OEWS releases annually (May). March of Dimes releases annually (September). KFF Medicaid tracker updates as state decisions are made. CDC maternal mortality data lags 2–3 years.
Naming and privacy
We name public officials in their official capacity, developers and investors, and the leaders of organizations and public campaigns — accountability and public record.
We describe grassroots participants and residents by role rather than by name, to avoid exposing private individuals in a persistent national tool — except where someone has clearly taken a public role (a named plaintiff, or an organizer who has stepped onto a public national platform).
Organizations whose work this tool builds on
This tool is a synthesis. The organizing, litigation, documentation, and research done by these organizations is what made it possible. Errors in how their work is represented are mine.
Active litigation on xAI/DeSoto MS, Box Elder UT air quality, and multiple data center environmental cases. Primary source for EJ documentation in several county panels.
xAI/Colossus litigation in DeSoto County MS and Shelby County TN. Primary source for air quality and Clean Air Act documentation.
EJ framing, health burden documentation, and litigation demands across DeSoto MS, Shelby TN, and Prince George's MD. Health monitoring model drawn from their litigation.
Tribal lands data center tracker, No Data Centers campaign, and documentation of 100+ proposed projects near or on Native lands nationally.
Built by Cam Acosta and George Ingebretsen. Comprehensive database of community responses and legislative actions on data center development. Used with credit per their open data policy. Several county entries in this tool draw directly from their research.
Independent tracker of Florida's data center buildout. One of several sources for the Miami-Dade / Westview facility documentation.
Moratorium tracker and subsidy accountability research. Primary source for state legislative data across 15+ BLOCKED county entries.
Moratorium wave documentation, Pennsylvania fast-lane bill analysis, and New York moratorium bill support. Named as strongest-in-nation characterization of NY S9144.
NIPSCO ratepayer complaint documentation and Indiana data center cost-shifting organizing.
Reno/Washoe County moratorium organizing. Water rights framing for data center opposition in arid western communities.
Regulatory intervention model in Minnesota. Formal opposition filings and utility proceeding strategy.
Memphis-based environmental justice organization led by LaTricea Adams. Central to community organizing against xAI's unpermitted turbines in the Boxtown and Whitehaven communities of South Memphis — a majority-Black community already bearing disproportionate industrial pollution.
Water rights and energy advocacy across the arid West. Documentation of data center water impacts in Nevada and the broader Colorado River basin. Cited in Washoe County organizing context.
Latinx-led social justice organization based in Arlington, Virginia. Running "ICE out of Arlington" and "Free Them All VA" campaigns directly relevant to the Stafford County and Hanover County ICE detention proposals documented in this tool. On the frontline of immigrant rights organizing in the Northern Virginia region.
BEAR — Box Elder Accountability Referendum (Utah)
Community coalition that organized nearly 4,000 formal objections to the Stratos Project water rights application in Box Elder County. Initiated referendum process and led community opposition to the largest proposed data center footprint in US history. No stable URL — contact via local organizing networks.
The Pyramid Lake is sacred to the Tribe and central to their identity, treaty rights, and food sovereignty. Data center water extraction from the Truckee River threatens flows to Pyramid Lake and the endangered cui-ui fish. The Tribe previously won a 2019 State Engineer ruling rejecting data center water applications — the current Reno buildout is renewing that fight.
Download data
Three focused CSV files generated from live tool data. Each includes a source note linking back to infrawatchpower.org. Data is a research synthesis — not a primary dataset. Cite accordingly.
News sources this tool builds on
Local and regional journalism is the primary source for much of this tool's data. The reporters and outlets below did the work that made this possible. Support local news.
Flatwater Free Press — Nebraska data center coverage, Google/Tenaska investigation
Spotlight Delaware — Project Washington and Delaware data center coverage
ecoRI News — Rhode Island Smithfield data center coverage
CT Mirror — Connecticut data center coverage
Commonwealth Beacon and WBUR — Massachusetts coverage
Virginia Mercury — Virginia legislative and data center coverage
Mvskoke Media — Indigenous press covering Muscogee Nation data center fight
Planet Detroit — Michigan data center and environmental coverage
Circle of Blue — Great Lakes water and data center coverage
El Paso Matters — Camp East Montana and ICE detention coverage
Nebraska Examiner and Nebraska Public Media — Nebraska data center wave coverage
Rhode Island Current — Rhode Island data center legislation
Oregon Capital Chronicle — Oregon HB 4084 and Newport coverage
New Jersey Monitor — New Jersey ICE detention and data center coverage
OPB — Oregon and Pacific Northwest coverage
MultiState — State legislative tracking used throughout
Maine Morning Star — Maine LD 307 and data center legislation coverage
Bowling Green Daily News — Kentucky moratorium wave coverage
St. Louis Public Radio — Missouri Festus electoral accountability coverage
Louisville Public Media — Kentucky data center moratorium coverage
Amarillo Tribune — Project Matador / Fermi America coverage, Texas Panhandle
Montana Free Press — NorthWestern Energy data center power agreements, Montana PSC coverage
Changelog
Major updates to data, features, and coverage. InfraWatch is a living tool — this log supports citation integrity.
JUNE 2026
  • Added 103 community resistance entries from DataCenterTracker.org (Cam Acosta & George Ingebretsen) — total wins now 167
  • Added granular race/ethnicity layers from ACS 2022: % Black, % Hispanic, % Native, % Asian, % White (non-Hispanic), median household income
  • Added crosscut analysis tool — filter counties by intersection of demographic and community conditions
  • Added expired moratorium indicator — amber dot and countdown when moratorium window has closed
  • Added 9 new border watch (arbitrage) counties: NE Kansas, Indiana/WV border from Ohio wave, SC counties from Georgia wave
  • Updated community wins momentum chart to reflect full dataset
  • Added Kassi Solberg / Quantica Infrastructure (Yellowstone County, MT) — 5,000 acres, 7,000MW near Broadview
  • Added Project Matador / Fermi America source update (Amarillo Tribune)
  • Added community fight signals for Washtenaw MI (Saline Township lawsuit override), Box Elder UT, DeSoto MS
  • Added Indigenous / Tribal Sovereignty trend card to the Trends Guide — governance, land, water, and consent framing (Seminole Nation, Muscogee Nation, Tonawanda Seneca Nation, Pyramid Lake Paiute, Doña Ana Pueblo, Quechan)
  • Added Fort Yuma Quechan reservation (Imperial County, CA) as a tribal-sovereignty EJ site and active-fight signal county — Indigenous/tribal sites on this map now 6 (inewsource)
  • Added watch/signal coverage: Gray County, TX — Google–Intersect "Meitner Energy Center" (Ogallala Aquifer water pressure) — and Miami-Dade, FL — Westview sub-threshold data center swarm (Iron Mountain MIA-1, Project Apollo, Metrobloks), "telecommunications hub" classification dodge, NAACP "Stop Dirty Data"
  • June 9 sweep — corrections: NY moratorium is 1-year (S10642/A11560), passed legislature, awaiting Gov. Hochul (was "3-year, active"); WV marked full-preemption under HB 2014; Sand Springs recall and Pulaski County moratorium both failed; Johnson City TN and Clayton IA moratoria extended (not lapsed); GA/SC statewide bills did not pass; OH paused data-center tax credits
  • June 9 sweep — wins & reclassification: Charlotte/Mecklenburg NC 150-day moratorium passed 11-0; Oldham KY Project Lincoln withdrawn; Pittsylvania VA Balico gas-plant project rejected 6-1; Hill County TX moratorium rescinded under a $100M developer lawsuit; Caddo Parish LA reclassified from "uncontested" to an active fight (Amazon $6B + Sierra Club-backed west Shreveport permit appeal, Caddo Lake water)
  • June 9 sweep — 13 new active-fight counties added: Davidson/Nashville TN (zoo fight + moratorium), Williamson/Taylor TX, Millard UT, McLennan/Waco TX, Jefferson/Louisville KY, Rankin MS, Knox/Knoxville TN, Hood TX (8 projects, no local control), Pike OH (~10GW), Putnam WV (Google, HB 2014), Dubuque IA, Erie/Tonawanda NY, Converse WY; plus Hanover VA (Tract rejected — win), Robertson TN (Cedar Hill 2-yr moratorium — win)
  • June 9 sweep — welcomed/uncontested builds (Reeves TX/Microsoft Pecos, Lea NM/New Era 7GW, West Feliciana LA/Hut 8, Rapides LA/Applied Digital, Bossier LA/Amazon) and watch-list additions with non-arbitrage reasons (Cabell & Monongalia WV under HB 2014; Pointe Coupee & St. Charles LA hosting Meta Hyperion gas plants)
  • June 9 sweep — enrichments: DeSoto MS & Shelby TN (NAACP Clean Air Act injunction; 46/33 unpermitted turbines); Doña Ana NM (Oracle revealed as tenant, $165B, desalination); Richland LA (Meta Hyperion now $200B+, 10 gas plants); Jefferson MO/Festus (approved 6-2, new lawsuit + recall); Laramie WY (Microsoft +420 acres, moratorium rejected 9-1); Box Elder UT (2nd lawsuit); Rockingham NH/Nottingham (withdrawn, 20k petition); Palm Beach FL (Project Tango scaled back, vote → July 15)
  • June 9 sweep — Lea NM & Reeves TX moved from "uncontested" to active signal (confirmed but pre-construction); more enrichments (Rock WI NDA ban, St. Joseph IN AWS operational + rezoning denied, Muscogee GA Project Ruby, Will IL tax pause, Boone IN Meta/Eagle Creek, Hinds MS rezoning postponed); added same-developer/same-project solidarity links (AVAIO Pulaski↔Rankin, Tenaska Lancaster↔Gage, Prometheus Natrona↔Converse, Amazon Caddo↔Bossier)
  • Added ballot-access (citizen-initiative) classification by state to the legal-toolkit panel — direct / indirect / limited / none, framed as the "which door is open" leverage lever (a route around a captured legislature); notes that local ballot measures may still be available where statewide initiative isn't
  • Trends Guide refresh — added 6 structural trend cards (gas as the new fault line / Clean Air Act lever; agglomeration & same-developer clusters; the information/secrecy fight; water as the winning argument; the westward/rural shift & unincorporated-zoning vacuum; the multi-gigawatt self-powered scale tier) and dated updates to 4 existing cards (developer litigation, state preemption / WV HB 2014, ballot access, recall as a high-bar tool)
  • Added a 7th trend card — "Threshold evasion / classification arbitrage" (sizing and relabeling projects to dodge review): the "telecommunications hub" dodge (Miami-Dade MIA-1), "private utility" designation (Pulaski AR), "temporary-mobile" turbines (Memphis xAI), and sub-threshold swarming — framed as a suppression mechanism and a tracker blind spot
  • Added the Clusters view (new "Clusters" button) — the agglomeration layer: fights grouped by energy/geographic cluster (Panhandle, Shreveport–Bossier, Memphis–DeSoto, SE Nebraska, Casper WY, the Louisiana parish gas ring, the Tennessee moratorium wave) and by same-developer footprint (AVAIO, Amazon, Meta, Microsoft, Google), with clickable member counties — the synthesis the county list alone cannot show
  • Added a "Cluster network" map layer — a toggle that draws all agglomeration connections on the map at once (amber = energy/geographic cluster, blue = same-developer footprint), so the regional structure of the buildout is visible geographically, not just on county-select
  • County panels now show a "Part of an agglomeration cluster" hint when the county belongs to one (or more) — naming the energy/geographic cluster or same-developer footprint, listing the other member counties, and linking into the Clusters view
  • Began a documented public-subsidies ledger — county panels now show per-project tax incentives and a per-county forgone-subsidy subtotal (kept strictly disciplined: documented/partial only, percentage-based items itemized but not summed, and PILOT payments shown separately rather than merged into the subsidy total)
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